Kristine

=Egyptian Society during the Ramesside period, Dynasties XIX and XX =

- Syllabus Content -  Map - Pharaohs - Past Questions - Oral Presentations -

Oral Presentation by Kristine
4.4 funerary customs: afterlife concepts and mummification __Ba__ // __hovering over a mummy__ **
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· The source portrays a //ba//, a bird with a human head, magically flying about its tomb. · This scene was found from a papyrus of the //Book of the Dead//. · Currently on display at the British Museum. · Creator of this source is unknown. · This source is useful because it demonstrates the form of the //ba// spirit and how it behaved in the afterlife in relation to the deceased Egyptian. __Weighing of the Heart__ **
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<span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">This source is a Weighing of the Heart scene from the scribe of the Lady Henet-tawy. Here, the god of mummification Anubis adjusts the balance used to determine Hanet-tawy’s heart. If her heart was lighter than the //Shu// feather, Osiris will grant the lady eternal life. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">It was found from Chapter 125 in the //Book of the Dead//. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">Today, it can be seen at the Metropolitan Museum of Art. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">The creator of this source is unknown. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">This source is evidence of how the Egyptians believed that the Gods allowed the deceased to enter the afterlife. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">


 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">__Anubis attending the mummy of Sennedjem__ **

<span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">Anubis was the God of mummification. Anubis’ authority of mummification is pictorially depicted in this wall painting. He is depicted with a jackal head. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">It was found in the burial chamber of Pharaoh Sennedjem’s tomb at Deir el-Medina. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">Current location of the source and the creator of the source is unknown.
 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">__Canopic Jars__ **

<span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">These canopic jars belonged to a man named Tjuli who was a royal scribe and a lector priest. Each of these jars represented one of the four sons of Horus. Preserved organs were individually put in these canopic jars which were placed in the tomb at the time of a burial. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">It estimated to be made in Saqqara, Egypt, during 1279-1213 BC. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">·  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">It can be seen at the Martha A. and Robert S. Rubin Galleries. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">The creator is unknown. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">This source is evidence of the canopic jars and is an example of what they looked like. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;"> __Amulets__ ** <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">This artefact is a heart amulet. These are carved figures that are thought to have “magical powers” and were placed between the layers of the bandages during the mummification process. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">This particular example is inscribed in Chapter 30b of the //Book of the Dead.// <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">Currently held at the British Museum. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">Creator is unknown. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">With this source, we can accurately determine the intricacies of amulets, and its connection to the afterlife beliefs. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">
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 * <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">__King Tutankhamen’s Feet__ **

<span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">This is a photograph of the feet belonging to King Tutankhamen’s mummy. The photographer has captured how the mummy has been prepared with jewellery. It is primary evidence that King Tutankhamen was found wearing gold sandals with turned up points, and with each toe in a solid-gold tube. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">Disovered during the discovery of the mummy of King Tutankhamen in 1922 by Howard Carter. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">The mummy of Tutankhamen is currently exhibited at the Ethnological Museum. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">Photographer is unknown. <span style="font-size: 8pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore; msofareastlanguage: EN-AU;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif';">This source reveals the customs associated with dressing a mummy with jewellery. <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman','serif'; mso-fareast-language: EN-AU;">

//__ **BIBLIOGRAPHY** __// Andrews, C.A.R. 1994, //Steatite heart scarab amulet//. Retrieved: March 28, 2009, from [] //Anubis attending the mummy of Sennedjem// 2007. Retrieved: March 1, 2009, from //Afterlife,// (n.d.). Retrieved: March 2, 2009, from __ [] __

Bradley, P. 1999, //Ancient Egypt – Reconstructing the Past//, Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge.

//Canopic Jar with Lid of the Royal Scribe and Chief Lector Priest, Thenry//, (n.d). Retrieved: March 1, 2009, from [] //Egyptian Religion and the Afterlife// 2008-2009. Retrieved: March 3, 2009, from [] Evans, E. A. 1993, //Ancient Egyptian Ba-Bird//. Retrieved: March 28, 2009, from [] Hart, G. 2002, //Ancient Egypt,// Dorling Kindersley Limited, London.

//How are Mummies Made,// (n.d.). Retrieved: March 3, 2009, from [] Perl, L. 1988, //Mummies, tombs and treasures – Secrets of Ancient Egypt//, Clarion Books, Great Britain.

Romano, J.F. 1990, //Death, burial and afterlife in Ancient Egypt,// The Carnegie Museum of Natural History, //Pittsburgh.//

Ross, S. 2003, //Tales of the dead – Ancient Egypt//, Darling Kindersley Limited, London.

//The Book of the Dead//, (n.d.). Retrieved: March 1, 2009, from [] //The World of the Afterlife,// (n.d.). Retrieved: March 3, 2009, from []