Nicola

=Egyptian Society during the Ramesside period, Dynasties XIX and XX =

- Syllabus Content -  Map - Pharaohs - Past Questions - Oral Presentations -

Oral Presentation by Nicola
2.1 Roles and images of the pharaoh; concept of maat. · Ramses III is seen presenting Ma’at(feather) to Osiris in the afterlife. · Found in KV11, Ramses III’s tomb in the Valley of the Kings, Thebes. It remains there today. · Built by thos building Ramses III's tomb before his death. Most likely commissioned by him. · Useful in showing the interaction between the pharaoh and the gods. Also shows the presence of Ma’at in every aspect of society. It is also useful in showing that the role of the pharaoh continued into the afterlife. · Ramses I is seen in between Ma’at and Ptah. · Found in KV16, Ramses I’s tomb in the Valley of the Kings, Thebes. It remains there today. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Built by those building Ramses I's tomb before his death. Most likely commissioned by Ramses I. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">·  <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Useful in showing the interaction between the pharaoh and the gods. Also shows Ma’at who was the embodiment of truth, honour, justice etc and indicates her importance in Egyptian society and particularly in the life and roles of the pharaoh. <span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The gods Seth(left) and Horus(right) are seen adoring Ramses II. <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Found at Abu Simbel where it still remains. <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The temple at Abu Simbel where this is found was built by Ramses II. <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">·  <span style="color: windowtext; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';"><span style="font-family: Arial, Helvetica, sans-serif;">Useful in showing the religious role of the pharaoh and his role of representative of divine order. Shows that pharaoh is seen a god on earth and the equal-sized figures shows pharaoh's belief in his equality with the gods. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Colonnade in the Ramesseum with Osiris pillars. He is holding the crook and flail, symbols of royalty. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Found in the Ramesseum, Thebes where it still is. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Built as decoration for Ramses II's mortuary temple. Created during Ramses II's lifetime most likely with his approval/direction. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Useful in showing the god-like nature of the pharaohs and the belief that after death the pharaoh became Osiris. Also shows the divine nature of the kings and the wish of the pharaohs to present this image. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Ramses II is seen smiting enemies of Egypt by striking them on the head. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Found at Abu Simbel where it still is today. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Temple at Abu Simbel was built by Ramses II. This relief would have been created under his direction/with his approval. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Useful in depicting the role of the pharaoh as protector of the people by smiting enemies. Shows that enemies were often depicted as Libyans, Syrians, Nubians and Asians. Also shows the direct role the pharaoh played in warfare and the weapons used to harm their enemies. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Reliefs and inscriptions on the facade of Medinet Habu record the military victories of Ramses III--over the Libyans and Asians. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Found and still located in Medinet Habu. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Created or commissioned by Ramses III as a decoration for his mortuary temple. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Useful in showing the strength exhibited by New Kingdom pharaohs and their role as a military leader. Also shows the presence of warfare in Egyptian society and that it was one of the pharaoh's roles to protect Egypt from foreignors eg Libyans and Asians. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Ramses II is once again depicted in a chariot killing or hunting. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Found in the temple at Abu Simbel where it remains today. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Temple at Abu Simbel was built by Ramses II during his reign. This relief would have been created with his knowledge or with his direction. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Useful in showing the role of the pharaoh as protector of the people. Shows that the pharaoh was a leader in battle and never wavered in the face of danger, whether it be foreigners or wild beasts. Also shows the strenth and agility of the pharaoh with him managing to ride a chariot with no hands, freeing them up for him to shoot using a bow and arrow. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Ramses II is depicted on his chariot rushing into battle. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Also found in the Ramesseum, Thebes where it still is today. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Used as decoration in the Ramesseum which was built during his reign. It would have been built under his direction or with his knowledge. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Useful in showing the role of the pharaoh as a military leader. Also in showing the fact that pharaohs were supposed to have had an active role in the military on the front lines (This may have been for propaganda purposes.) <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Colossal statues of Ramses II outside the temple at Abu Simbel. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Found and still located at Abu Simbel. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Temple at Abu Simbel was built by Ramses II during his reign. These statues would have been created at his insistence. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Useful in showing the role of the pharaoh as a builder and the colossal size indicates the importance of the pharaohs in the 19th and 20th dynasties. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The source shows several scenes of Ramses II with the gods Montu, Thoth, Ptah and the Theban Triad (Amun, Mut, and Khons). His sons are also seen in the bottom row. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Found in the Ramesseum, Thebes where it is still located today. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">The Ramesseum was built by Ramses II during his reign. This decoration for his mortuary temple would have been created by workers with his knowledge or under his direction. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Useful in showing different religious roles and duties of pharaohs. Also shows the importance of the pharaoh due to the fact that the sons are far smaller.

__Bibliography:__

Books: <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Baker, C. Demovic, M. 1999. //‘New Kingdom Egypt.’// Longman Australia Pty Ltd. Melbourne, Australia. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Freed, R.E. 1987. //‘Ramses II: The Great Pharaoh and His Time.’// Denver Museum of Natural History- Lithograph Printing Company. Tennessee. U.S.A. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Kitchen, K.A. 1982. //‘Pharaoh Triumphant: The Life and Time of Ramses II.’// Aris & Phillips Ltd. England. <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Pemberton, D. 2004. //‘The Glories of Ancient Egypt: Treasures of the Pharaohs.’// Duncan Baird Publishers Ltd. London, England.

Web Sites: <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">//‘Rameses III offering Ma'at to Osiris.’// 2000. Retrieved March 5th 2009, from: [] <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">//‘Kheker frieze; Ma'at; Rameses I before Ptah; djed-pillar.’// 1997. Retrieved March 5th 2009, from: [] <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">//‘Abu Simbel.’// 2008. Retrieved March 1st 2009, from: [] <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Sullivan, M.A. 2001. //‘Ramesseum: The Mortuary Temple of Ramses II.’// Retrieved March 2nd 2009, from: [] <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Sullivan, M.A. 2001. //‘Medinet Habu: The Mortuary Temple of Ramses III.’// Retrieved March 1st 2009, from: [] <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Fox, T. (n.d) //'Ramses II: Anatomy of a Pharaoh. The Military Leader.’// Retrieved March 1st 2009, from: [] <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">//‘Egyptian Account of the Battle of Kadesh.’// (n.d) Retrieved March 6th 2009, from: [] <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">//‘Ramses II: 19th Dynasty.’// Retrieved March 6th 2009, from: [] <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;">· <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">//‘Abu Simbel Temple.’// 2007. Retrieved March 6th 2009, from: <span style="font-size: 12pt; font-family: Symbol; msofareastfontfamily: Symbol; msobidifontfamily: Symbol; mso-list: Ignore; msolist: Ignore;"> · <span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">//‘Seth and Horus Adoring Ramses.’// 2008. Retrieved 6th March 2009, from: